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It is undeniable that poverty is a serious problem today. The rate of absolute poverty in the world has been decreasing since 1990. However, relative poverty is getting worse in many countries. The causes are not only economic, such as wage inequality; political oppression, discrimination and climate change also play an important role in relative poverty. In other words, poverty is inextricably linked to the problems of today’s world.
 
The Routledge Handbook of Philosophy and Poverty is a collection of essays covering a wide range of philosophical approaches to poverty. Philosophical discussions of poverty have taken many forms in recent years. Philosophy allows us to approach the fundamental questions about poverty in a conceptually and theoretically sophisticated manner. What is poverty? How can we measure poverty? What is morally wrong about poverty? What duties and responsibilities do we have to address the problems of poverty? These are the philosophical questions about poverty. Failure to address these questions may undermine the relevance and stability of (re)distributional policies.
 
This book is distinguished by its comprehensive and in-depth collection of contemporary, historical, and applied philosophical approaches to poverty. Particularly noteworthy is the coverage of non-Western philosophical approaches to poverty (PART III). The authors are experts in their respective topics and fields, making this anthology an excellent introduction to a wide variety of philosophical approaches to poverty.
 
I () contributed to Chapter 25, “Autonomy and Poverty,” of PART IV “Key Ethical Concepts and Poverty.” Autonomy refers not only to the mere possession of one’s own capacities, but also to the exercise of those capacities without being subject to external forces such as manipulation. There is a deep connection between autonomy and poverty. Importantly, the dilemma of this connection has been discussed in political philosophy and ethics in recent years. This is based on the concern that while eliminating poverty (and its causes) is seen as promoting autonomy, it may also lead to a situation in which certain people become “dependent” on the means (typically social welfare policies) to eliminate poverty. In other words, anti-poverty policies designed to promote autonomy may undermine autonomy, which is a dilemma.
 
In this chapter, I discuss representative theories in political philosophy that confront the autonomy-poverty dilemma, such as luck egalitarianism, relational egalitarianism, and ethical approaches to care and relational autonomy that depart from standard approaches in political philosophy, and show that each has problems to overcome. I hope you will read and critically examine my essay. This book is an anthology of essays worthy of such careful consideration.
 

(Written by INOUE Akira, Professor, Graduate School of Arts and Sciences / 2024)